The Rising Demand For Food Production - 1799 Words

Over the next forty years, global population is expected to reach nine billion people. This increase in population, combined with expected economic growth, will cause an increase in food demanded and inevitably drain the resources we use for food production. So far, agriculture has been able to respond positively to the rising demand for crop and livestock products. However, farmers are already faced with many new challenges associated with feeding an expanding global population. Farmers must now meet strict new emissions requirements and produce more food on fewer acres while minimizing their environmental footprint. The demand for food is expected to grow substantially in the next couple decades. Some of the factors affecting an increase in food demands are population growth, rising incomes of individuals, food supply factors, and biofuels. There are more than seven billion people on Earth now, and about one in eight of us don’t have enough food to eat. So, with a projected nine billion people by the year 2050, how many people can the Earth support while maintaining a healthy population? Population changes are due to the relationship between births and deaths. If the number of births equals the number of deaths then the world’s population will remain the same, but if births exceed deaths, population growth will occur. Early in history, population was slowly growing because of high death rates related to wars, famines, and poor medical services. With advances inShow MoreRelatedThe Economics of Rising Demand for Corn: Reasons Related to Ethanol and Its Uses1194 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Economics of Rising Demand for Corn and the Reasons for the Increased Demand Due to Ethanol and Its Uses Objective The objective of this study is to examine the economics of rising demand for corn and the reasons for the increased demand due to ethanol and its uses. Introduction The work of Rattray (2012) reports that the United States The United States corn production and acreage has increased over time due to the growing global demand. Corn is being utilized for food, feed, industrialRead MoreRising Food Prices1542 Words   |  7 PagesRising food prices Introduction: Food prices have been on the rise and have become a global issue. Prices have soared over the past year and a half and threaten to go up further if issues are not addressed immediately. Below is a look at how prices have been over the past year. Figure 1. FAO Food Price Index: February 2007 - January 2008 Source FAO, 2008 In this project, we attempt to find out the causes for this price rise, the trends of the rise and the effects that this rise has had on us. Causes:Read MoreRising Food Prices Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesRising Food Prices Introduction: Food prices have been on the rise and have become a global issue. Prices have soared over the past year and a half and threaten to go up further if issues are not addressed immediately. Below is a look at how prices have been over the past year. Figure 1. FAO Food Price Index: February 2007 - January 2008 Source FAO, 2008 In this project, we attempt to find out the causes for this price rise, the trends of the rise and the effects that this rise has had onRead MoreEssay about Competitive Strategies and Government Policies1748 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of mergers that will be described in this report. Management has assembled a team to address these potential issues relating to our market in the future. New companies entering the market, mergers, and globalization The demand for alternative fuel is rising; with that rise there are several corporations breaking into the industry. The big five companies are BP, Chevron, Conoco, ExxonMobil, and Shell have already invested over $8 billion dollars in alternative fuels. 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Deficiency is the lack or shortage of something, so food deficiency is the shortage of food; and food insecurity is when people in an area do not have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food at all times to meet their dietary needs. There are five main factors that contribute to a country having food deficiency and food insecurity issues, these being: environmental, demographic, political, social, andRead MoreInsects: Food of the Future862 Words   |  3 Pagesworld the demand for food is increasing. The human population is anticipated to grow from six billion in 2000 to nine billion in 2050. Meat production is predicted to double within the same amount, as demand grows from rising wealth. Pastures and fodder already deplete seventy percent of all agricultural land, therefore increasing livestock production would need increasin g agricultural land area at the expense of rain forests and different natural lands. Officers at the United Nations Food associatedRead MoreExpansion Of Ethanol Production On The United States1318 Words   |  6 Pages In the eleven years since the Renewable Fuel Standard was signed in to law, US Corn production has shifted from feeding faces to fuel tanks, stirring a controversy over corns purpose. In 2007, the food or fuel controversy landed on the floor of the United Nations when Jean Ziegler, former UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, stated that diverting cropland from food to fuel is a crime against humanity (Ferrett). The Renewable Fuel Standard, signed in to law in 2005, is a mandate that requires

Interview Topic Cultural Differences Between Austrian and Indian Free Essays

Interview-Guide Topic: Cultural differences between Austrian and Indian employees/managers. Dear Interviewee, We are primarily interested in your personal experiences, and all questions are to be seen as related to you! †¢Name : Birgitt †¢Native Country (indicate any double citizenship): Austria †¢Gender: Female †¢Country(ies) visited: South America, Asia, Europe and Australia †¢Age : 25 Q1: Explain generally where the greatest differences between Austrian and Indian worklife are to be found. There are generally more Indians employed for a job that is usually done by only one Austrian. We will write a custom essay sample on Interview Topic: Cultural Differences Between Austrian and Indian or any similar topic only for you Order Now Time perception is different. I think Indians have more working hours. Q2: How do you feel that your country is different than other countries? I like it because India is a country that is still in transition and is very dynamic. In Austria the development seems to be limited already. Q3 : What can you point out as being the most important cultural difference between an Indian and Austrian/European ? -Perception of cleaness is different -People in India seem to be more laid back -The importance of religion is higher in general Man are more dominant Q4 : What stereotypes do people in your country generally use to describe the following groups (don’t describe your own people if listed below): * The Americans: stupid, fat and superstitious * The French: arrogant, unfriendly and not willing to speak English * The Germans: punctual and boring * The Indians: nodding with there head a different way, funny and lazy Q5 : When you travel abroad, do you think that these preconceptions ar e justified (on a scale from 1 to 5)? 1 (In general Yes) 2 3 – sometimes yes, sometimes no. !!!!!!! 4 5 (Not at all) Give examples: Q6 : How do you perceive the professional communication between foreign (Austrian/European ) and Indian employees? -Formal -Friendly, small talk on the beginning -Showing strong interest about the other country -Indians more friendly, Austrians more focussed and harsh Q7: How do organizational principles in India differ from Austrian ones? Indians like to foresee everything and plan in advance, Austrians more flexible in plan making (short time) Q8 : In the business world, would you say that: The level of responsibility given to people is linked to: (several answers are possible) * their position in the company ? my answer * the number of years spent in the company * their age * their sex * other: -The boss of a company: * is hard to reach * can be reached easily ? my answer * needs to have authority * doesn’t try to appear powerful Q9: In your society, information is generally transmitted ? * directly, through explicit messages, so as not to waste time. ? my answer * indirectly, through many unspoken messages. other: Q10: How are foreigners accepted in India? Do you have experiences concerning expatriates and their acceptance by Indian employees? I don’t have experience but I was told that they integrate foreigner pretty fast Q11: How important is the topic of religion in daily worklife in India? Really important, in Austria it is not. Q 12: Would you say that your country is rather turned towards Individualism or Collective/group spirit (on a scale from 1 to 5) 1 (Individualism) ? very individualistic 2 3 4 5 (Collective/group spirit) Q13: Rank the following concepts from 1 (positive) to 5 (negative) depending on their positive or negative value in your society? * clearness: 1 * saving one’s face: 4 * frankness: 3 * working in group: 2 * personal pride: 3 * competition: 3 Q14: The tendency to change companies or jobs in india is: * high * low * other: don’t know Q15: As far as time organization, people in india: tend to do * do just one thing at a time ? my answer * do several things at once * other: tend to be * very punctual * rather punctual * rarely on time ? my answer * never on time other: tend to * strictly follow what they have planned to do * modify their agenda and therefore postpone what they have planned ? my answer * other: Q16: How important is money in India? Do you have the feeling that bargaining is important in India ? Money is not that important in India as it is in Austria, but bargaining is more important than in Austria Q17 : Do you have any ideas on how to solve problems of Aus trian companies in India? Being patient and adopt to the culture, slow down a bit and introduce clear rules and make clear that they have to be followed 8 : How would you generally describe an Indian? Do you think that Indians and Austrians/European overlook the cultural differences or are they aware of them? Indians are laid back on the one hand but also very committed to things like religion and family. They are very helpful and not that selfish as Europeans. I think that Europeans are aware of the cultural differences but still cannot get a feeling of it till they are actually visiting India. ? Please feel free to add your own suggestions and comments on this topic or on the survey itself? Thank you for taking part in the survey? How to cite Interview Topic: Cultural Differences Between Austrian and Indian, Essay examples

Financial Institution ManagementEnron’s Financial Crisis

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Institution Managementfor Enrons Financial Crisis. Answer: Abstract Enrons case is a significant one in the modern business world. This is so because it acts as an illustration of how Enrons new innovation, which was greed, led to its fall as at April 2001 from its conception in 1986. Enrons case is one which is suited by the label greed gone wrong. It is a classic example of how corrupted corporate culture led Enron to be a classic example of failure. It is in utter shame they went out on their knees, and in cuffs behind bars after a promising future for them. The stimulation of all this was rooted from management whereby the Chief Executive Officer(CEO) used a technique called, mark-to-market accounts, to hide the financial losses they were incurring in their investment strategy. They assumed the technique a right call to make as it was legit and on a basis of ethical code adherence. The aim was to hide the differences between the projected revenue and what had really been generated, from the shareholders. This was effected by hiding the losses in other exclusive financial books, and creating an illusion in the financial statements that the company was still in good shape, fit to run for the future which was contrary to the case. Whats more, the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) at that time, Andrew Fastow, employed a similar technique, now a Special Purpose Entity (SPE) program that allowed Enron to achieve accounting purposes appealing to the eyes of the shareholders, rather than operational results. In light of all this, Enron indulged in egregious activities on the grounds of credit (Investopedia 2016). To avoid computing all the debts incurred in the balance sheet accessible to shareholders, Enron decided to keep them away from scrutiny to save their image in the energy business, which eventually, appeared to be the wrong call. Enrons History and Activities Leading to its Failure. From the start, Enron was different on the basis of its founder, Ken Lay, who was a scholar and not a great innovator, like most corporations base their foundations on, e.g. Microsoft and Bill Gates. Ken Lay founded his idea on a basis of the power of the free market system and watched his idea levitate into Enron (Fusaro, P., Miller, R. 33). Enron was as a merging with Houston Natural Gas (HNG) and Internorth. The former was established through Houston Oil Co., a corporation operating in the 1920s that supplied gas to retailers and consumers. On the other hand, Internorth initially was a natural gas provider situate in Omaha, Nebraska. With the passage of time, Kenneth Lay became chairman by 1986 and thereafter, the Enron acme to existence with its head offices in Houston. By then it was the 2nd biggest pipeline company in the United States(TSHA 2010). By 1989, under Ken Lays regime, the corporation synthesized a new marketing strategy-The Gas Bank, a business idea created by a consultant from Mckinsey Co., named, Jeff Skilling. For nine years, Enron viewed itself as a firm in business but gas manufacturer, and for this reason, by 2000, Enron had sold more than 5,000 miles of pipeline. In their pursue to greener pastures, in 2000, they announced their interest in the broadband fibre optics industry having launched the biggest e-commerce site in the world. Within months of announcing the same, there was an excessive supply of unused fibre across the state as the start-ups anticipating to ingest the bandwidth failed, only causing a 50% fall in prices. Here, academic estimations assumed Enron to have lost $1 billion in the fibre optic investment. However, with the employment of foxy financial mechanisms, Enron was able to incur a profit of exceeding $ 100m with regards to a business agreement with Blockbuster. Whats to note is that B lockbuster never got a single dime of revenue out of the recorded economic information (TSHA 2010). Under Skilling, the trading operations were influenced by a technique called mark-to-market bookkeeping, a principle in which the present estimation of foreseen revenue is acknowledged and the normal expenses of satisfying the agreement are subtracted once an agreement is agreed upon. Hidden profits and losses estimation of the contracts were indeed supposed to be accounted for as a pre yearly profit after recognition. This bookkeeping technique holds a valued place in regularly acknowledged accounting (ACG 2015). Now, Enrons outsourced editor, Arthur Andersen, who was partaking bookkeeping practice to already unknown levels never precedent before. In 2000, the stock had risen to 87% as compared to 56% in 1999. This is to say Enron was losing cash on its operations heavily, however hard they utilized certain bookkeeping practices to seem economically strong and stable. In addition, Enron raised cash that never appeared in the balance sheet. Enron compromised itself in a state of vuln erability and blindly appended its signature on $5 billion prepaid contracts in the name of raising cash hence creating debt that translated to shame towards its image (Schwarcz, S. 2002, 14). Objections concerning the darkness of Enron's money related announcing were raising alarms. The Raptors, elements made in 2000 to expel pained worldwide resources from Enron's books, were almost wiped out. Raptors were rebuilt again in March enabling Enron conceal $200M loss. The SPEs had risk focuses activated when Enron's stock declined to $47 in July 2001. Enron had detailed $4.8 billion as operating income in 2000 while in the phase of it genuinely there were no income. $100 billion income Enron had disclosed in 2000 was essentially income from exchanges which money didnt trade. These exchanges, be that as it may, all should have been collateralized, requesting an immense measure of moderate credit for Enron. In the meantime, fibre cost were plunging as Enron demanded a strategy for success for broadband business underway. It was deemed as implausible declaration that created much suspicion among examiners which additionally expanded assessment of Enron's accounts and discouraged the stock cost (TSHA 2010). Further after a few episodes of similar events, stocks kept on falling in October and dropped as low as $20.65 per share. A liquidity emergency instantly followed, and Enron had no option other than withdraw $3 billion to boost payment of debts which had not been paid due to Enron's transient business paper. Stock value crumbled to billions of dollars of that contributed to commitments due. Nonetheless, the corporation secured $1 billion in advances utilizing the rest of the pipelines as a guarantee the only and main resource Enron had in hand that was to be considered qualified for use as insurance. Enron made arrangements with Houston-based Dynegy that saw stocks raising to $10. Whereby $1.5 billion was acquired by Enron from Dynegy and the principal $550 million from the pipeline credit. Nevertheless, Enron's second from last quarter misfortune was rehashed to $664 million while last quarter prospects seemed bleak. Decreased rating implied that corporation had more than $9 billion in arrear in 2002. The Dynegy plan crumpled as financial institutions declined to expand any further credit. December 2, 2001, Enron fought for insurance claim under United States chapter 11 (bankruptcy) laws, which was by then, the biggest such recording of its kind in United States history (TSHA 2010). Main Weakness in Risk Management Findings elucidate that the main weakness in risk management for Enron was in reference to violation of some corporate governance codes which include: Fiduciary failure, Incompetency of compensation committees, corrupted internal audit and the whole audit committee, high-risk accounting, excessive compensation, and complex undisclosed off book activity. Enrons shareholders collective power was abused as the board of governors instigated the offshore accounts. The burden of watching the activities of the CEO rests upon the board which was lenient in this case. Also, the code that agrees on non-executive directors to meet all by themselves in exclusion of executive directors was not adhered to. In this event, the non-executive directors would choose to meet with any manager in the organization as is required and have a full scope of the economic situation. On the contrary, the board allowed Fastow to cook the books on their approval and the full knowledge as asserted by (Saporito, B. 2002). Also, the compensation committee was lenient on how Enron paid out its senior officials. The board authorised compensation for the executives who were to enable to account for the accumulative cash loss suffered by the 2000 yearly bonus. Likewise, the board still could not manage to monitor the abuse by its CEO, Lay, for a multi-million, personal credit line financed corporation. Here, a violation of conflict of interest occurred but went unnoticed (CourseHero 2017). In the event of the conflict of interest too, the board allowed the CFO, Fastow, to set up and do business with LJM private equity funds gained at Enrons expense. Due to the myopic view of the board in the LJM transaction, they failed to protect the corporations shareholders from unjust dealings for their own benefit. Further, the Board of Directors purposely enabled Enron to control billions of dollars in off-the-books in the name of improving its financial stability and forgot to offer policies safeguarding materiality of the liabilities. However, the autonomy of the Enron Board of Directors was traded off by monetary conflict between the organization and board members. The Board additionally neglected to guarantee the company's independence thus enabling Andersen, an outside auditor to give inside auditing services and counselling administrations while filling in as Enron's hired exclusive auditor (CourseHero 2017). Deficiencies in the Prudential Regulation which Allowed Enrons Failure Money related crisis can be a critical degree ascribed to corporate failure and shortcomings in administration. When Enron was put to a test, their corporate administration schedules did not meet the standards they would need to defend themselves against extravagant risk taking in various financial services organizations. A number of shortcomings were evident. Their risk administration framework flopped by a large degree because of corporate administration techniques administered without incorporating the sufficiency of computer strategic models (Fox. L, 2004, 52). It is evident that information which is always termed as power especially that which would be of high importance to the senior level of management during decision making didnt come to the attention of the board whereas risk management was regularly viewed as an everyday activity instead of an enterprise-based. In similar cases, the board endorsed strategies and methodologies but they never introduced mechanism responsible for weighing to its implementation and execution. Firms exposures on risks variables and structures already in place for observing and analysing risk management additionally created a plan to be followed although it was a vital part of accounting principles. Bookkeeping standards and regulations demonstrated the deficiency in risk management and accounting. Finally, the compensation framework was closely affiliated to be a loose strategy in risk management (Kirkpatrick, G. 2009, 5). Conclusion Enron's crumble was one of the hugest corporate bankruptcy to ever hit the financial world. From that point forward, Enron insolvency was a result of bookkeeping sabotage that left shareholders losing $74 billion as well as fall in workers pension benefits by billions of money (Fusaro, P., Miller, R.33).Expanded control and oversight have been instituted to help counteract corporate espionage like that of Enron's ever since. References Applied Corporate Governance (ACG) 2015, Applied-Corporate-Governance.com, viewed 27 April 2017, https://www.applied-corporate-governance.com/enron-case-study.html CourseHero 2017, 43 weakness internal control of enron that leads to, Course Hero, Inc., viewed 27 April 2017, https://www.coursehero.com/file/p7qn3ai/43-Weakness-Internal-Control-of-Enron-That-Leads-to-Financial-Statement-Fraud-I/ Foster, J.B. and Magdoff, F., 2009. The great financial crisis: Causes and consequences. NYU Press. Fox, L. 2004, Enron: The rise and fall, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey Fusaro, P. C., Miller. R. M. 2002, What went wrong at Enron, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey Investopedia 2016, Investopedia, LLC, viewed 27 April 2016, https://www.investopedia.com/updates/enron-scandal-summary/ Kirkpatrick, G. 2009, The Corporate Governance Lessons from the Financial Crisis ', The corporate governance lessons from the financial crisis, 2009, 1, page 1-30, viewed 27 April 2017, https://search.oecd.org/finance/financial-markets/42229620.pdf Minsky, H.P., 1992. The financial instability hypothesis. Mintz, B.A. and Schwartz, M., 1985. The power structure of American business. University of Chicago Press. Saporito, B. 2002, How Fastow helped Enron fall, Time Inc., viewed 27 April 2017, https://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,201871,00.html Schwarcz, S. L 2002, Enron and the use and abuse of special purpose entities in corporate structures, University of Cincinnati, 70, 1, 1-10, viewed 27 April 2017, https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2308context=faculty_scholarship Taylor, John B. The financial crisis and the policy responses: An empirical analysis of what went wrong. No. w14631. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009. TSHA (Texas State Historical Association), Enron corporation, Texas State Historical Association, University of Texas, viewed 27 April 2017, https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/doe08

To what extent can Lord and Lady Capulet be as good parents to Juliet Essay Example For Students

To what extent can Lord and Lady Capulet be as good parents to Juliet? Essay In the beginning of the play, each character played their own part as their own character. Juliet starts of in the play as the daughter who always follows whatever her parents say. Her parents have always loved her at the beginning and cared for her, but never knew what she wanted herself. Nurse however is like a mother figure to Juliet and knows what she wants, but also wants whats best for her. In Lord Capulets first appearance in the play, he says, my child is yet a stranger in the world, which is saying that his own daughter may be too young or too early to be bride for any man, which indicates he cares for Juliets safety, but also thinks she is still a child to him, not knowing for if Juliet loves someone or not. But he does show that he loves his daughter saying, The earth hath swallowed all my hopes but she, which shows she is his only hope and the one to show love for her. We will write a custom essay on To what extent can Lord and Lady Capulet be as good parents to Juliet? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In Lady Capulets first appearance in the play, says to her, How stands your dispositions to be married, asking Juliet how she feels about getting married. Unlike Lord Capulet, Lady Capulet wants to know how Juliet feels about marriage instead of just thinking how she would feel like Lord Capulet has done, Lord Capulet only thinks that marriage would make her happy, without even asking her. Although Lady Capulet is asking her, she is also trying to persuade her in marriage by saying how honourable and happy it will make her and Paris together. When Juliet is asked if she shall like of Paris love, Juliet says, Ill look to like, if looking liking move, which shows that she does not want to immediately accept this marriage to a man she has not seen before, but cannot say no to her mother, even if she has not seen Paris yet. During the play, each character starts to change their place of character and emotion, like when Juliet falls in love with Romeo, she is concerned of what her parents would think if they ever find out, which shows why she does not want to tell them, the only one she does tell is Nurse, which shows she is the only one she can trust as she is the closest to a mother figure other than her real mother. We also see the first ruthless and powerful side of Lord Capulet when he is fair and open-minded enough to let Romeo attend the party. He is enjoying himself until Tybalt rushes to him to tell him about Romeo. Lord Capulet did not want anything to spoil his happiness, not even Tybalt, which got him angry with Tybalt by ordering him not to ruin anything at the party. When Tybalt dies in the story, the whole Capulet family changed their mood and were shocked and saddened to when they heard the news of Tybalt and Mercutios death. Lord and Lady Capulet felt even more angry and hatred on the Montague family and Juliet was not only upset for the death of her cousin, but upset when the Prince announced Romeo was banished. Lord Capulet knew how upset her daughter would have been about Tybalts death, so he decides that he wants to make Juliet happy by having her married to Paris. If his only hope and joy were happy, then maybe he himself would be happy. .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e , .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e .postImageUrl , .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e , .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e:hover , .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e:visited , .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e:active { border:0!important; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e:active , .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0178951cb20c4d4666249e0a5807ad8e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who is to blame for the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet?   EssayAll of the characters then change their place of character when Juliet took a surprise step into saying no to her mother for the first time. This shocked Lady Capulet as she was expecting her to follow and go along with the wedding. Not only was Lord Capulet shocked by this, but was furious that her daughter was not obeying what he set out himself just to make her happy, or what he thought would make her happy. After caring for her and giving all he could, he is upset in the way Juliet has said no and now wishes she was never born. Nurse was frightful of what would happen if Juliet did not go along with th e wedding after seeing how much power Lord Capulet has over her, she did not want her hurt at all, which is why she wants whats best or her. I think Lord and Lady Capulet could make better parents to Juliet. Although they love her, they need to know and understand what she wants instead of making what they think is good for her, Lady Capulet should come into Juliets life more than Nurse as she is her real mother. And Lord Capulet should ask what Juliet wants instead of making her do what he thinks is best in his power.

40 Irregular Verbs That Can End in -t

40 Irregular Verbs That Can End in -t 40 Irregular Verbs That Can End in â€Å"-t† 40 Irregular Verbs That Can End in â€Å"-t† By Mark Nichol The predominant way to represent the past tense of a verb is to add -ed, but some verbs take -t as a variant ending, or even as the only form. Here are forty such verbs, including some ubiquitous words (like left and shot) we may not even think of as having irregular forms because they are the only forms we know for example, leaved and shooted are not options as well as some that survive only in poetry or mock-archaic usage. 1. Bent: the only correct form of the past tense of bend, although the archaic form bended is used jocularly, for example in the phrase â€Å"on bended knee† 2. Blest: a variant form of the past tense of bless 3. Built: the primary form of the past tense of build, though builded is used in some dialects 4. Burnt: a variant form of the past tense of burn; used in favor of the primary spelling in names of pigments such as burnt orange and burnt sienna (familiar to Crayola crayon aficionados) 5. Clapt: a variant form of the past tense of clap 6. Cleft: a variant form of the past tense of cleave; also, a noun or adjective referring to a split 7. Clept: the past tense of the archaic term clepe (â€Å"name,† call†; the present-tense and past-tense words are also spelled yclepe and yclept) 8. Crept: the only correct form of the past tense of creep, except in the slang sense of being creeped out, or unsettled 9. Dealt: the only correct form of the past tense of deal 10. Dreamt: a variant form of the past tense of dream 11. Drest: an obsolete variant form of the past tense of dress 12. Dwelt: a variant form of the past tense of dwell 13. Felt: the only correct form of the past tense of feel; also, a noun referring to a type of material or a similar substance 14. Gilt: a variant form of the past tense of gild; also, a synonym for gold or a noun or adjective referring to gold plating or other surfacing, or a young female pig 15. Girt: a variant form of the past tense of gird 16. Kent: a variant form of the past tense of ken, an archaic synonym for know or recognize 17. Knelt: the primary form of the past tense of kneel 18. Leant: an alternate form of the past tense of lean, used mostly in British English but occasionally appearing in American English usage as well (pronounced â€Å"lent†) 19. Leapt: a variant form of the past tense of leap (see this related post) 20. Learnt: an alternate form of the past tense of learn, used mostly in British English but occasionally appearing in American English usage as well 21. Left: the only correct form of the past tense of leave, meaning â€Å"go,† although the past tense for leave in the sense of forming leaves is leaved 22. Lent: the only correct form of the past tense of lend 23. Lost: the only correct form of the past tense of lose 24. Meant: the only correct form of the past tense of mean (pronounced â€Å"ment†) 25. Pent: an alternate form of the past tense of pen, meaning â€Å"confine,† although the past tense for pen in the sense of writing is penned 26. Reft: an alternate form of the past tense of reave 27. Rent: an alternate form of the past tense of rend 28. Sent: the only correct form of the past tense of send 29. Shot: the only correct form of the past tense of shoot 30. Slept: the only correct form of the past tense of sleep 31. Slipt: a variant form of the past tense of slip 32. Smelt: a variant form of the past tense of smell; also, a noun referring to a type of fish or a verb for melting or reducing metal or another substance 33. Spelt: an alternate form of the past tense of spell, used mostly in British English but occasionally appearing in American English usage as well; also, a noun referring to a type of wheat 34. Spent: the only correct form of the past tense of spend 35. Spilt: a variant form of the past tense of spill 36. Spoilt: a variant form of the past tense of spoil 37. Stript: a variant form of the past tense of strip 38. Vext: a variant form of the past tense of vex 39. Wept: the only correct form of the past tense of weep 40. Went: the only correct form of the past tense of go Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives"Have" vs "Having" in Certain ExpressionsEnglish Grammar 101: Prepositions

Marie Sklodowska Curie - 1867 to 1934

Marie Sklodowska Curie - 1867 to 1934 Marie Curie is best known for discovering radium, yet she achieved many more accomplishments. Here is a brief biography of her claim to fame. Born November 7, 1867Warsaw, Poland Died July 4, 1934Sancellemoz, France Claim to Fame Radioactivity Research Notable Awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) [together with Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie]Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911) Summary of Accomplishments Marie Curie pioneered radioactivity research, She was the first two-time Nobel laureate and the only person to win the award in two different sciences (Linus Pauling won Chemistry and Peace). She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. Marie Curie was the first female professor at the Sorbonne. More About Maria Sklodowska-Curie or Marie Curie Maria Sklodowska was the daughter of Polish schoolteachers. She took work as a teacher after her father lost his savings through a bad investment. She also participated in the nationalist â€Å"free university,† in which she read in Polish to women workers. She worked as a governess in Poland to support her older sister in Paris and eventually joined them there. She met and married Pierre Curie while she was studying science at the Sorbonne. They studied radioactive materials, particularly the ore pitchblende. On December 26, 1898, the Curies announced the existence of an unknown radioactive substance found in pitchblende that was more radioactive than uranium. Over the course of several years, Marie and Pierre processed tons of pitchblende, progressively concentrating the radioactive substances and eventually isolating the chloride salts (radium chloride was isolated on April 20, 1902). They discovered two new chemical elements. Polonium was named for Curies native country, Poland, and radium was named for its intense radioactivity. In 1903, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel. This made Curie the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. In 1911 Marie Curie was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element. The Curies did not patent the radium isolation process, choosing to let the scientific community freely continue research. Marie Curie died from aplastic anemia, almost certainly from unshielded exposure to hard radiation.

Pharmacy Technician Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pharmacy Technician Experience - Essay Example This experience proved that the field of Pharmacy is multifaceted that a mere experience would not suffice to satisfy the professional demand of pharmacy. I have decided to pursue a doctorate degree in Pharmacy to competently respond to the demands of the profession both in the practical as well as scientific aspect of the job. For the short term, I am interested to further my knowledge in the practical aspect of pharmacy by engaging in the retail and hospital environments with the long term objective of becoming a scientist in the pharmaceutical industry. Obtaining my Doctor of Pharmacy will not only provide me with the competence in the field of research but will also provide the rare privilege of being a trusted member in my profession as well as community. This knowledge, experience and trust however must be earned especially in the demanding field of pharmacy particularly if one is to pursue a doctorate

Strategic Planning for Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic Planning for Advertising - Essay Example On the other hand, as Wanadoo's chiefs believe, re-branding will enable the UK ISP to compete more effectively in the field of providing a host of services under one brand name (Armitt 2005). In addition, hence Wanadoo intends extending the services it has been providing, new brand will better reflect the range of new offerings. Some of the new services include combined mobile and Internet access, a broadband telephone that tells when a customer receives emails and remote surveillance of a customer's home through a mobile or a computer. New possibilities will enable a customer to transfer photos stored on a phone through the ISP's wireless Livebox hub to photoblog and an interactive mobile guide providing location-specific information when on the move (Woffenden 2005). FT Group intends that Orange will become the group's worldwide brand for mobile, broadband and multiplay services, and re-branding Wanadoo is one of the steps on this way. The expectations of the company are clearly ex pressed by the Wanadoo's spokesman: "A single, integrated brand strategy will enable the company to compete more effectively against our competitors. It will help to accelerate the momentum of the FT Group's ambition to become the leader in convergence. We will have a single brand with global clout" (The Register 2005). Despite of the company leaders' optimism and good expectations, there are some problems to overcome in the situation with the re-branded ISP though. Considering the fact that Wanadoo brand itself replaced Freeserve ISP only 14 month ago, the new re-branding may confuse the customers: "For customers in the UK, it's yet more confusion as the ISP takes on yet another identity" (The Register 2005). In addition, previous Freeserve's metamorphosis into Wanadoo was supported by pounds 20m TV, press and billboard campaign (Hirst 2004). In future advertising campaign the company chiefs should be ready to invest again to save old customers and attract new ones. Summarising all written above, we can outline the general situation. One of the leading UK ISPs Wanadoo becomes the acquisition of a well-known brand Orange. Parent corporate - Communications Group France Telecom - intends becoming the leader in providing the host of services under one brand name and the UK ISP is the step on a way for this strategy realisation. The FT Group's targets on the UK ISP market are to save Wanadoo's customers

Accounting Analysis of the 2011 Annual Report for Bank of Queensland Limited Essay Example for Free

Accounting Analysis of the 2011 Annual Report for Bank of Queensland Limited Essay 1. Executive Summary The aim of this report is to provide an accounting analysis of the 2011 annual report for Bank of Queensland Limited (BOQ), and a critique of the reporting of their performance. The report discusses the choice of accounting policies and the flexibility of these policies. The main objective of this report is to evaluate and recognise the possibility of using creative accounting within the company, recognise and questionable accounting numbers within items listed previously. A number of items have been selected from Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement. 2. Overview Bank of Queensland Limited (BOQ), has history of 137 years with network of over 280 branches operating in Queensland. It offers core banking (commercial/retail), equipment finance, wealth management and insuranceservices. BOQ is listed on the ASX and uses its unique concept of the Owner-Managed Branch (OMB),a partnership between the Bank of Queensland (franchisor) and experienced bank managers (franchisees) to provide banking services. See more:  Capital budgeting essay 3. Description of key accounting policies and standards 3.1 Loans and advances at amortised cost (Asset) As shown on BOQ’s Balance sheet in FY11, loans and advances at amortised cost are big-ticket itemsin its assets accounting for approximately 98 per cent. According to the significant accounting policies explored by BOQ annual report 2011, loans and advances are originated by the bank and are recognised upon cash being advanced to the borrower. Based on AASB13, loans and advances are initially recognised at fair value plus incremental direct transaction cost using the effective interest method. 3.2 Deposits and borrowing (Liability) Deposits, as the one of the most important cash inflows of the bank, follow ruleAASB13 as well. They are initially recognised at fair value plus transaction costs and thenby using the effective interest method, they are measured at amortised cost. It is classified in two concentrations: retail deposits and wholesale deposits. 3.3 Employee benefits (Expense) This item follows AASB119Employee Benefits which has been amended in its accounting rules affecting the measurement of its obligations and the timing of recognition of termination benefits. Employee benefits can be classified to four categories: wages, salaries and annual leave; long service leave; superannuation plan and share based payments. 4. Flexibility of Management in Selecting the Key Accounting Policies It is undeniable that having flexiblemanagement can exert positive effects on the presentation of company’s annual financial report. Specifically, from the Bank of Queensland ´s perspective, if mangers have considerable adaptability in selecting the key accounting policies, the financial performance of Bank of Queensland Ltd can be improved; therefore more investors and customers would give priority to cooperating with them in the future. 4.1 Loan and Advances at Amortized Cost 4.1.1 Flexibility Analysis The measurement of loans and advances at amortized cost is extremelyfavourable to commercial banks. From BOQ’s consolidated financial annual report, the loan and advances at amortized cost accounted for around 83.3% of total assets in 2011, it had increased from 31,736,5 million to 33,276,1 million during 2010 to 2011. This change in $1539, 6 million was caused by impairment charges made by managers of the bank. The increase of loans and advances at amortized cost could enhance the customers trust in the bank. Sincefinancial funds, credit business and debts are the core business transaction of the banking industry, this itemappears to increase receivable accounts. Also, as banks could charge a reasonable rate of interest on such future loans/advances, they are able utilizethis income to pay current liabilities, wage and salaries of employees, and also the tax liability of business. Consequently, the BOQ’s managers have selected a flexible accounting policy in this item. 4.1.2 Accounting policies analysis Being dominant in the assets, loans and advances at amortized cost carries the burden of generating cash. The way that Bank of Queensland recognizes loans and advances at amortized cost can be separated to two phases. Initially, loans are recognized at fair value plus incremental direct transaction costs. Secondly, BOQ uses effective interest method to measure the amortized cost at each reporting date. The advantage of this accounting policy is that including direct transaction cost in the loan price can offset the actual transaction cost occurred and maximize the profit for the bank. Additionally, the effective interest method is considered as one of the prior methods for amortizing a bond discount. Theoretically, investors require a discount on bonds because the market interest rate at the time of issue is higher than the coupon payments on the bond. Therefore, by amortizing the discount at the market interest rate, accounting statement of Bank of Queensland will exactly reveal the economic reality of the bond issue and its true cost of debt. 4.2Deposits and Borrowing 4.2.1 Flexibility Analysis Due to the characteristics of banking industry, there is a high flexibility for management in these two liabilities. It is noticeable that deposits and borrowing accounted for about 97% of total liabilities on the balance sheet. Occupying 69% of total deposits, managers pay more attention to Retail Banking Services because of itsattractiveness to customers compared to other types of deposits. 4.2.2 Accounting Policies Analysis This policy states that securitization set-up costs relating to on-balance sheet assets are included with securitization borrowings, and amortization is recorded as interest expense. Initially, excluding off-balance sheet costs makes the liability much smaller and enlarges their net assets. Likewise, interest on debt is a tax-deductible expense and creates a tax shield benefiting Bank of Queensland. The major function for this policy is to save cash flows for BOQ. 4.3 Employee Benefits 4.3.1 Flexibility Analysis Employee expenses mainly consist of share based payments and employee benefits. All of these kinds of financial activities are beneficialto BOQ.The result from increasing incentives to employees applies as it encourages them to performenthusiasticallywhicheventuallyleads to higher profits for the firm. 4.3.2 Accounting policy analysis Among Employee Benefits, shared based payments are distinguished. The accounting policy demonstrates that Bank of Queensland allows employees to acquire its shares, options and rights sold recognized in the Employee Benefits Reserve. This expense could be reversed if the loss is not due to a market condition. This is highly beneficial as it encourages employees to purchase shares of their own company but, on the other hand, as more shares are sold, the higher price rises in the stock exchange. 5. Quality of Disclosure Made in BOQ Accounts The quality of disclosure in the BOQ ´s policies, strategy, performance and financial statements and reports is satisfactory as it provides accessible, transparent and fairly justified information. As the BOQ is a listed company, it has to comply with all ASX disclosure policies and reporting but in addition it also complies with the ASX Corporate Governance Recommendations as well as the Australian Prudential Standards (APS) (Profit Announcement 2011). In the profit announcement report for 2011, BOQ discloses a number of disclosure principles which include management, board structure, ethical and responsible decision making, financial reporting, timely and balanced disclosure, respect rights of shareholders, recognize and manage risk, remuneration. 5.1 Business Strategy and Economic Consequences The business strategy and economic consequences are disclosed in the notes to the annual report in terms of the risk management of the company. As it explains in these notes the bank approach is to manage its risk in terms of credit risk, market risk, liquidity, operational risk, compliance policies and capital management. As it states in the annual report there is a high level of assessment and monitoring of these risks in order to follow the company ´s strategy. 5.2 Notes to the Financial Statements – Explanation of Policies The notes to the financial statements and reports do provide an explanation to the bank ´s management policies. According to the 2011 Annual Report these policies provide effectiveness and efficiency in terms of managing the risks described above as well as creating controls to support growth and competitive advantage. An example of these policies in 2011 was a strong expense management which lead them to reduce their cost-to-income ratio from 45.8% to 44.5%. Moreover, these policies provide regulatory compliance as well as performance management. 5.3 Explanation of Current Performance BOQ through its yearly Profit Announcement Report clearly explains its current performance in terms of its principal activities. It states its current level of profitability and the main reasons for any losses. As well as these profit or losses explanations the report shows explanations for changes in expenses, asset growth, retail deposit growth, branch network expansion and capital management. 5.4 Accounting / Financial Rules In terms of financial conventions that restrict the firm as a banking institution, the main one is the Basel II Accord in which the bank is obligated to maintain capital adequacy requirements. In the 2011 Annual report is mentioned that Tier 1 capital made up of equity capital and disclosed reserves was higher than required by Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). Moreover, AASB 124 Related Party Disclosures is additionally disclosed in order to understand the impact on the firm. Moreover it discloses all its consolidated statements for all subsidiaries of the group following all consolidation standards. 5.5 Segment Disclosure The quality of the segment disclosure for BOQ is sufficient as it discloses its two operating segments, and since the bank operates only in Queensland, it does not need geographical segmentation. It discloses the high level metrics for both of the banking and insurance segments as well as consolidated totals (Annual Report 2011 pg. 89). Also, following consolidation requirements it eliminates inter-company transactions (Annual Report 2011 pg. 89). 6. Questionable Accounting Numbers The most important and questionable numbers can be seen in the yearly Profit Announcement where BOQ announced a net loss after tax of 90.6 million AUD. The explanation for this loss was attributed to significant impairment charges. As the income analysis shows that the company made a reasonable operating income loss, but the large part of the loss was due to a revision of their commercial loans and provisioning approach. They decided to increase these specific commercial loan provisions more than close to 90 million due to the continuous decline in commercial property in Queensland. Along with loan impairments, the bank also impaired a substantial amount of assets, also because of the decline if commercial property. Furthermore in the Directors Report in 2011 there were some potential red flags regarding remuneration. As the bank went through a restructure last year there were a number of high level managerial positions that changed in this period. During this transition there were a number of payments classified as  ´others` that did not have a clear explanation. An example of this includes a payment of half a million dollars to the previous CEO to  ´ensure a smooth transition` between him and the newly appointed CEO. While taking into account the Director ´s report is audited by KPMG, this payment seemed excessive. 7. Undone Distortions Based on previous parts, the conclusion has arrived that BOQ suffered net loss of $90.6 million because of the tremendous growth in impairment loss. The footnote disclosures in the Profit Announcement provide the composition of the impairment loss. According to note 11, loan impairment expenses totalled $327.7 million. $165.7 million of this amount is specific provision impairment and the rest $162 million relates to collective provision. Moreover, impairment loss for assets also amounts to $578.7 million. Note 4suggests that BOQ ´s management increase its impairment loss based on their estimates of dropping commercial property market. However, this estimate comes from historical experience and professional judgment. In contrast, the estimate might be different from actual results. Therefore, distortions may arise resulting from overstated impairment loss. In order to undo the distortion, the impairment loss should have been adjusted to a lower level with fewer provisions. 8. Financial Press Discussions Even before the Profit Announcement of BOQ came out, many financial reporters foresaw the net loss of BOQ resulting from increasing impairment loss. The downturns in tourism and recent natural disasters impacted Queensland’s economy negatively, and the conditions in Queensland were expected to remain challenging in the future because of strong Australian dollar. As a result, for BOQ a company that is highly exposed to Queensland housing market, the current poor performance of might not change in short term.Following by the poor performance, BOQ isnow struggling to keep regulators happy and keep its capital at acceptable level. On 26 March 2012, BOQ announced aequity rising of $450 million. However, by doing this, the existing shareholders of BOQ will be heavily diluted and it will cause its share price to drop significantly.

The Transition from Childhood to Adulthood in Joyce Carol Oates Where

The Transition from Childhood to Adulthood in Joyce Carol Oates' "Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" All people experience changes in their life. Some of these changes are small such as the passing from one grade to another in school. Other changes are more intense, such as the transition from childhood to adulthood. In Joyce Carol Oates? ?Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?? Oates goes into depth regarding the transition from being a carefree, innocent child to adulthood. In the short story ?Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?? two separate worlds are drawn to the reader?s attention. The first is the normal daily life of Connie, a fifteen year old girl living in a home with her parents. Connie?s daily life is simple childhood. The second is the day Arnold Friend shows up at her doorstep and brings with him the difficulties of what the future holds. Connie is described as being an attractive fifteen year old girl whose actions are stereotypical of what one might expect from a girl her age. She spends her time listening to music, shopping, daydreaming, having fun, and trying to meet boys. Her friends share the same interests and when they are together they, ?would lean together and whisper and laugh secretly?. ( ) Connie puts on two different shows, one to her friends and a completely separate one to her family. ?Everything about her had two sides to it, one for home and one for anywhere that was not home.?( ) Connie does not show any real affection ...

Psychology Prospect Theory

PSY 302 Prospect Theory Review This paper is written in order to compare and contrast two articles that were chosen from the social psychology field. I chose my topic as Prospect Theory. It is one of the theories related to decision making process. This theory not only supported in social psychology but also supported fields of economic, consumer choice, political science and marketing. Prospect theory explains that people are loss averse that means they weigh losses heavily than gains.In other words, â€Å"looses looms larger than gains†. To illustrate; the person who found $100 on street would be less happy than the person who lost $100. The one of reason could be looses are more painful than gains are pleasant. Thus, humans cannot easily get rid of the effect of bad outcomes. I learned firstly this theory from one of my marketing courses and I really interested in that theory because it is implications likely to occur in our lives but I have never thought of it.That is why I choose two of my articles from that theory and I wanted to learn what different perspectives to that theory are. Those chosen articles are â€Å"When small losses do not loom larger than small gains: Effects of contextual autonomy support and goal contents on behavioral responses to small losses and small gains† and â€Å"When gains loom larger than losses: reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money. † However those two article tried to explain the time when looses do not loom larger than gains.That means within a specific situations prospect theory would be reversed. The rest of the paper will be devoted to comparison of their methodology, research question and predictions. Finally I will explain my opinion and suggestions to improve that research. First of all there will be an explanation of their research questions. â€Å"When gains loom larger than losses: reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money† tried to predict that when there is small loss, gains loom larger than losses. Thus, it says that prospect theory would be reversed for small things.However the article called â€Å"When small losses do not loom larger than small gains: Effects of contextual autonomy support and goal contents on behavioral responses to small losses and small gains† tried to predict that in the conditions of psychological needs may increase behavioral responses to gains more than behavioral responses to losses. To sum up, their theory same as â€Å"When gains loom larger than losses: reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money† because both of them predicted that loses may not loom larger than gains.However there are differences in terms of conducting those predictions. The main difference among those two articles is that â€Å"When gains loom larger than losses: reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money† put their hypothesis in terms of monetary values whereas other article tried to understand behavioral a nd affective responses to gains because writers think that loss aversion hypothesis gives importance to monetary phenomena not behavioral responses. Thus, they tried to understand the effect of goal fulfilling on prospect theory.Goals are related to this issue because in article they pointed out that, goals are seen as reference points. Humans evaluate their success or unsuccessfulness of outcomes comparing themselves to reference point, they determined. Thus, reference outcomes determine whether they faced a loss or they face a gain. That means in terms of behavioral responses of prospect theory, reference points are important. REFERENCES Harinek, F. , Dijk, E. V. , Beest, I. V. , & Mersmann, P. (2007). When gains loom larger than losses:reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money.Psychological science, 18(12), 1099-1105. (Harinek, Dijk, Beest & Mersmann, 2007) Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. , Kee, Y. H. , Thaung, H. K. , & Hagger, M. S. (2011). British journal of social psychology . When small losses do not loom larger than small gains: Effects of contextual autonomy support and goal contents on behavioral responses to small losses and small gains, Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 2044-8309. 2011. 02033. x/abstract (Chatzisarantis, Kee, Thaung & Hagger, 2011)

I Know Why the Caged Birds Sing Essay

1. In the memoir the passage reveals Ritie’s self image. She characterizes herself as unappealing she does not see beauty within who she is. Ritie’s childhood led to her insecurities. When she was younger her parents took her to move with her grandparents. She believed her parents dishonored her. Ritie did not find her skin beautiful. She believed white was beauty. She was an uncomfortable in her own skin. She tried to become someone she is not because she knew how everyone view and felt about her. Since her childhood she received her appearance. Ritie kept her identity intact by not letting peoples judging and views influence her. 2. After years of separation Ritie’s relationship with her mother is respected. She respects her mother for who she is. Ritie sees her mother as a strong women, she knows her mother will also love her for who she is. Ritie admires her mother she looks up to her. Her love for her grandmother is more of mother daughter bond. Ritie’s role model is her grandmother and she is proud to say it. She sees her momma as a strong powerful person. She is tough but loving. Ritie’s wants to become like her grandmother, she loves her. 3. Maya knew she was different. She knew she did not fit in with the other girls in school. She did not feel that she was equal with everyone else she felt as she did not belong with the other children. She did not associate with anyone. She would isolate herself in a store. She barely socialized with any children. She stayed away from children her age even others. A comparison to race was when she was younger her tooth ached. The dentist was not willing to work with her. He was very racial and only worked with white patients. Ritie’s family copes with racism by not letting it affect them. They ignored, they maintained their dignity. 4. At the end of the memoir Ritie learns what might seem right to you will not always be viewed the same with others. For one to hare greatness they must go through obstacles. She learns everyone has the own definition on what is wrong and right. Ritie applies this when she had her baby she grew up and it gave her confidence in her baby. She always did what was best for her baby. 5. Why the Cage Bird sings shows that there is always a light at the end of a tunnel. When there’s darkness and disadvantages there is always hope to find your path. It shows they had to deal with negativity and racism but they took that and turned it into positive. The title relates they went through many struggles but in the end they can be free. 6. Adversity in the story delt with abandonment, racism, childhood trapped, unacceptance, also religion. In Mayas case she and her brother were sent to live with their momma in Stamps, Arkansas. She always had it in her mind that her parents were not alive. When she found out they were she had the feeling of abandonment she felt that they did not want her. When Mayas dad comes to get them she does not want to leave. She got use to Stamps. She overcomes her adversity by realizing her parents were going through a difficult situation. 7. Lessons can be learned about the South. Situations are never easy but you have to make the best of it. In life we are always going to struggle but we must stay strong and not let it get the best of us. There are always going to be people who judge you or don’t accept you. But if you know who you are and where you come from that’s all that matters. Another lesson is when should not try to be. Someone we are not we must appear ourselves because no one is perfect. We all have insecurities about ourselves but we should love who we are. Natasha De La Cruz Grade: 10 Title: â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima† Author: Rudolph Anaya 1. During the World War 2 actions occurred in this novel. In the novel a women lost her sons due to the war. Gabriel had both of her sons fighting in the war which was also significant hat occurred was a veteran shoot Chavez because he was affected by the war. 2. The characters adapt to the landscape because of the family’s different life livings. Antonio had to live two different life styles. His mother’s families were simple farming people. It was easier for them to farm everything was more nourishing. His father’s family was rougher around the edges. They were more independent and the land was harder to work with. Both families had their own values. 3. A movie that relates to this novel is Ruby Bridges. Both Ruby and Antonio go through struggles in their life to make something out of them. The film is about a young six year old African American girl who had enough potential to get into a better school for a better education which was in an all Caucasian school. Around that time racism was still around. Ruby was the only African American girl in her class, which then led problems to the parents of the children in her class. No one accepted her in the new school except her teacher. Throughout the beginning she had faced crowds of white citizens against her physically and emotionally. One day she was encouraged by her teacher and her mother who gave her strength and she made it through. She became significantly important in the civil rights movement.

Free Essays on The Authorship Question

A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Hamlet, King Lear. These are just a few examples of plays associated with the name William Shakespeare. Is William Shakespeare of Stratford the person who deserves to be noted as the best playwright of all time? Does another individual deserve this merit? Who was the original â€Å"William Shakespeare†? There is speculation that the Stratford-upon-Avon man could not have been the playwright, because there is no concrete evidence revealing that he had the intelligence to write such complex plays (PBS). It is not known whether William Shakespeare went to school, since there are no records of his attendance (PBS). If William Shakespeare was the original playwright, then why were his manuscripts not bequeathed in his will? The only possible explanation that validates the name â€Å"Shakespeare† is if it was used as a pen name. With this in mind, could â€Å"Shakespeare† be Edward De Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford, or Sir Francis Bacon? One piece of evidence rules out William Shakespeare as a candidate to be credited for the writings, as well as Sir Francis Bacon. The following fact must be considered: In 1609 the Sonnets were published in a pirated edition. The famous dedication describes the author as ‘our ever living’, a phrase which was invariable used of he dead. (A Short Life) When looking at the deaths of the three men, it is evident that De Vere was the only one of the three who actually died before the publication of the sonnets. Shakespeare died in 1616 (A&E), Bacon in 1626 (Francis Bacon), and De Vere in 1604 (A Short Life). When looking further into the life of De Vere, it can be seen that he was referred to as a great writer of poems and comedies, yet, there were no comedies attached to his name (PBS). Was this because he was trying to protect his identity, due to the content found in the Shakespearean writings? How would De Vere pick a name to mask his own? When â€Å"he was men... Free Essays on The Authorship Question Free Essays on The Authorship Question A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Hamlet, King Lear. These are just a few examples of plays associated with the name William Shakespeare. Is William Shakespeare of Stratford the person who deserves to be noted as the best playwright of all time? Does another individual deserve this merit? Who was the original â€Å"William Shakespeare†? There is speculation that the Stratford-upon-Avon man could not have been the playwright, because there is no concrete evidence revealing that he had the intelligence to write such complex plays (PBS). It is not known whether William Shakespeare went to school, since there are no records of his attendance (PBS). If William Shakespeare was the original playwright, then why were his manuscripts not bequeathed in his will? The only possible explanation that validates the name â€Å"Shakespeare† is if it was used as a pen name. With this in mind, could â€Å"Shakespeare† be Edward De Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford, or Sir Francis Bacon? One piece of evidence rules out William Shakespeare as a candidate to be credited for the writings, as well as Sir Francis Bacon. The following fact must be considered: In 1609 the Sonnets were published in a pirated edition. The famous dedication describes the author as ‘our ever living’, a phrase which was invariable used of he dead. (A Short Life) When looking at the deaths of the three men, it is evident that De Vere was the only one of the three who actually died before the publication of the sonnets. Shakespeare died in 1616 (A&E), Bacon in 1626 (Francis Bacon), and De Vere in 1604 (A Short Life). When looking further into the life of De Vere, it can be seen that he was referred to as a great writer of poems and comedies, yet, there were no comedies attached to his name (PBS). Was this because he was trying to protect his identity, due to the content found in the Shakespearean writings? How would De Vere pick a name to mask his own? When â€Å"he was men...

Black Legend Essay Research Paper The

Black Legend Essay, Research Paper The Black Legend During the late 15th and early 16th centuries Catholic Spain was get downing a huge motion in attempts to rule Europe by suppressing lands about the New World. Lands in Mexico and countries near the Yucatan known as New Spain became the focal point of Spain s conquering. Bing the first state to administer their settlements throughout the New World, Spain was ridiculed by neighbouring states like England and France. However this type of ridiculing was mostly due to the faith of Spain at the clip. After the Protestant Reformation, Spain had remained to be a Catholic state. Therefore powers like England were able to assail Spain from all political sides. This new vision of Spain s bloody conquering in South America allowed Protestant Europeans to originate a theory on Spain s conquerings known as the Black Legend. This Black Legend was said to state that the Spanish were barbarous to the indigens in their settlements merely because they were Catholic. Based on the given articles written from the bulk of which were brought approximately from different position and sentiments, this fable in my sentiment must be true. Such people who wrote these letters or docudramas were well- sure solons, and to lie to the governor of one # 8217 ; s state was considered to be a wickedness to both the Majesty and to God. Even in the positions of those belonging to Spain and the Catholic Church, the Spaniard # 8217 ; s try to represent themselves in the New World was an unjustly and barbarous cause. The chief ground for Spain s barbarian attack to the New World was in effort to the counter-Reformation. The Spaniards wanted to pull new voices in the Catholic Church by directing missionaries and Jesuits to the New World in order to spread out the faith and hopefully convey the terminal of Protestant Reformation by barricading off all England s and Europe s effort in colonisation. Therefore, the usage of force was needed to suppress new lands and advance God and His Majesty for Spain. Since the position of the French, English, and even Spanish are used, in my best words I claim the Black Legend to be true. In the words of de Las Casas who he himself was a Catholic Spaniard said that the indigens were people who were patient, peaceable and unagitated. They neer had hatred, desire, or retribution. He considered them to be weak and delicate people who lived amongst themselves in peace and harmoniousness. How of all time, in conformity to the priest, the Spaniards and their Equus caballuss came and slaughtered the adult females, work forces, and kids in hunt of enlargement and chiefly gold. This desire for gold kept the Spaniards on the move, and until they had had all they would non rest. Even in the eyes of an Aztec who had nil but his people, the Spaniards killed and robbed the people and even at times took advantage of their adult females. This ferociousness, nevertheless, merely seemed to be in the eyes of conquistadors. For among present twenty-four hours America, the Gallic and Puritans struck singular friendly relationship among the local indigens. The Gallic with the assistance of the baronial Samuel de Champlain struck a trade trade with the Indians for beaver pelt. Even the Puritans gained trust from Squanto in Plymouth to construct a durable relationship of trust and friendly relationship. When Sir Walter Raleigh arrived in the Caribbean he described the people as frightened and bewildered due to the plundering Spanish who took advantage of their adult females and embarrassed their work forces. Even with such conquerings and ferociousness of the Spanish, commercial Catholicism was non reached harmonizing to Father Juan Rogel in a missive to Pedro I. He claimed that despite great promotions in the modernisation of the indigens, he was unable to convey them to the understanding about the faith. Since the Indians were on the move 9 of 12 months he was unable to larn the linguistic communication to the full or wholly preach to them. And when he did they would invariably do merriment of his words. He acknowledged that the lone manner acquire them to collaborate were to settle them down and build small towns. For if any adult male was to follow them for 50 old ages, his message would neer acquire across. These concrete facts, letters, and personal histories seem to indicate at the Spaniards as being barbarous due to the fact that they were Catholic and had the desire to acquire their message across and take advantage of the people and ownerships of the ancient civilisations established in the New World. The Protestants really good could hold done such things every bit good in order to barricade the counter-Reformation, alternatively they took the advice of the indigens and established a more comfortable foundation and settlement. Even though today most of South America is Catholic, they are still behind chiefly due to the Acts of the Apostless that occurred 100s of old ages ago. In bend the Black Legend did hold a big impact on the colonisation and Reformation of the New World.

Evaluate the Future Impact of Media Technologies in Tourism Essay

Evaluate the Future Impact of Media Technologies in Tourism - Essay Example International arrivals rise at a slower rate but in complete terms rose from 394 million in 1988 to 613 million in 1997. Less inclusive figures are obtainable for domestic tourism. In some, such as France, domestic holidays continued to increase; elsewhere (for example, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia and New Zealand), signs of stagnation or decline were appearing, in part as a consequence of increased outbound tourism. In disparity, domestic tourism was fetching more important in some developing countries as varying values of living destined domestic tour was becoming more reachable to a wider example of society (Chris Cooper, 2001). Countries in Europe and North America are still major sources and others have joined destinations for international tourism but in recent years, especially in Asia and the Pacific. Varying rates of growth have been recorded in these and in other regions of the world, such as Africa and South America. Resorts in some of the latter regions have a relatively long tradition of tourism, such as Bariloche in Argentina. In further places, for instance parts of Africa or a few Pacific islands, tourism is still budding as a figure of expansion. While numbers there may as yet be relatively insignificant on a global scale, they may be of increasing significance locally. As an outcome of these models and procedures, tourism is moreover before now extensively recognized as a key segment of nationwide, regional and local economies in a lot of parts of the world or being aggressively measured or cultivated as an expansion alternative in many others (Jarice Hanson, 1990). The expansion of tourism h as been accompanied by a noteworthy increase in media technology and research activities in this field. Tourism programmes connected to media, centres and subdivisions have developed on sites universal, and tourism conferences have propagated and fresh

Discuss the nature of dyslexia and implication for identification and Essay

Discuss the nature of dyslexia and implication for identification and assesment - Essay Example It is to be remembered that this is just only one aspect of the working definition, and this disorder is elusive in the sense that there are many differing opinions about the definition of this disorder in the literature, as a result many other different definitions exist. What all workers in this area accept comes from The Department of Education and Skills in their Framework for Understanding Dyslexia inform on theories and approaches to dyslexia. In it they have presented a practical approach to define dyslexia. Although literally, this word means difficulty with words or language, this literal meaning does not totally apply to the disorder of dyslexia at all. It is true that there are many reasons for difficulty to learn, read, or write. For these individuals, these difficulties "do not seem so easily explainable (DfES, 2004, 5). It has thus been defined by them as "a specific difficulty, typically characterised by an unusual balance of skills. Dyslexia affects information proces sing" (DfES, 2004, 5) in all the forms, receiving, holding, retrieving and structuring the information and this speed of information processing becomes very sluggish (DfES, 2004, 5). Skills such as reading, writing, using symbols, and carrying out calculations are all dependent on information processing system of the human brain. ... So, it would be worthwhile to examine the definition that is practically utilized while administering special education to these people. The Special Educational Needs Code of Practice refers to specific learning difficulties in a section considering 'cognition and learning'. The Code states: 'Children who demonstrate features of . . . specific learning difficulties, such as dyslexia . . . require specific programmes to aid progress in cognition and learning. . . . Some of these children may have associated sensory, physical and behavioural difficulties that compound their needs' (DfES, 2001a, 7: 58). In this context it is of utmost importance to remember that it is not related to intelligence and may occur in different forms, mild, moderate, and severe. Consequently, their individual profiles vary from each other, with each having their unique strengths and weaknesses, and therefore uniqueness. In this assignment, the nature of dyslexia will be discussed in a greater detail in the fo llowing paragraphs so these attributes can be used for identification and assessment of this disorder. Nature With continuing research into the area, there has been considerable progress in identifying the causes of dyslexia so effective intervention could be designed to break into the cycle of failure (Fawcett, 2001, 25). This progress has been enormous since the usually grim outlook in such individuals is no longer hopeless. It has been noted that ""the stage is set for undertaking ambitious, multi-disciplinary, multi-perspective projects aimed at redefining the field of dyslexia and learning difficulties as the field of learning abilities"

Scholarly Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Scholarly - Research Paper Example I have held constantly that nursing is an encounter of care my experiences in home care have further deconstructed my notion of nursing as encounter of care. In this paper, I will touch upon my experiences when I, together with my preceptor, visited two home care clients of Alberta Health Services. In this regard, I will present two scenarios wherein I will expound on the nursing competencies as espoused in CARNA by sharing the health visits we had with the clients. Then, I will also show how the theory of evidence-based knowledge and theory of quality care nursing with phenomenology augments the minimal discourse on instruments to measure quality of home care (Robinson et al., 1999). Finally, I will conclude the paper with my reflection and its summary. Alberta health Services (AHS) is the largest health care provider in Canada. AHS diverse health care services, employing highly qualified health care providers. Also, AHS view health care services as no one size fits all. Instead, they acknowledge the significance of divergence as it affects the needs and health concerns of their patients. AHS turned diversity into an enabling ethos, thus, it has established the care arena that is responsive, holistic and client-centered. However, in the midst of the condition of diversity, AHS holds a stable pillar - CARNA competencies. AHS strongly advocates knowledge-based and ethical nursing care practice in all the services they offer. As such, undertaking my home care services with AHS afforded me a chance to take a re-look in what I now know as a nurse and how I can further strengthen it while improving on aspects of the nursing practice where I may falter – a readiness for change. The client is suffering from enlargement of the prostate. He lives at home with his wife. The patient has a Foley catheter inserted. Concurrently, the client is also suffering from other

History Of Persuasion Rhetoric English Language Essay

History Of Persuasion Rhetoric English Language Essay Rhetoric, the study of how human beings use symbols to communicate( Foss, Foss, Trapp, 2002), is one of the oldest concepts of human communication in the Western World which dates back to the fifth century B.C( Baldwin, Perry, Moffitt,2004). This field of study marked the advent of speech communication. A pivotal concept studied in the field of rhetoric is Persuasion. Such is the prominence of this particular phenomenon in this discipline that, in present times, the study of rhetoric is generally considered synchronous to the study of persuasive communication.( Baldwin et al, 2004). Persuasion stems from the three cultures which make up the classical rhetorical theory. It all started with the sophists, a body of Greek teachers, who wrote handbooks which defined methods of producing and delivering persuasive messages. The act of sophists charging money for their services and their strong criticism by Plato perpetuated an antisophistic sentiment which lead to their subsequent demise. By this time ( 428 -348 B.C) Plato had come to the forefront and professed the necessity of finding the absolute truth( Baldwin et al, 2004). Platos student Aristotle constructed a philosophy which drew from the ideologies advocated by the sophists as well as Plato, providing a sort of middle ground between completely relative to absolute unvarying truth.( Baldwin et al, 2004, pg 78). In his masterpiece The Rhetoric, Aristotle speaks of the three essential elements of an effective persuasive speech: ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos is the moral character of the speaker, pathos is taking into consideration the feelings of the audience members and logos is the accuracy of logic and argument in the speech.( OHair , Wiemann,2009). The current literature review primarily focuses on the role of pathos in persuasive messages. But before progressing in that direction, the most fundamental question which needs to be addressed is : What is persuasion? Persuasion and Interpersonal Influence Persuasion, at its very core, is an attempt to influence without direct coercion ( Dillard, Pfau, 2002). Daniel OKeefe in his book Persuasion: Theory and Research smartly pointed out that success is considered to be ingrained in the concept of persuasion. To make a claim that I was persuaded means that the attempt of influence was indeed successful. This influence attempt can either be to bring in a complete change in attitude and beliefs which is inclusive of emotions and behavior of another person or to just preserve this attitudinal change. (Dillard et al 2002). The early research work conducted on persuasion has primarily been with respect to a large audience setup ( Miller 1987). However, with the realization that almost 80 % of the influence attempts occur in close relationships( Dillard,Knobloch, 2002) the focus on research work has steered towards interpersonal influence which, as the name suggests, focuses on the persuasive message production and effects( dillard , knobloch , 2002) in interpersonal relationships. One of the main differences which crops up between the study of rhetoric and the study of persuasion theories is the fact that research on rhetoric is primarily humanistic while persuasion takes a more social scientific bend trying to explicate the variables which enhance or inhibit the probability of success of a persuasive message (Baldwin et al 2002). Affect, Emotion, Mood and Feelings : Same or different? Some researchers use the terms affect emotion and mood interchangeably, but these terms need to be delineated for a better understanding of each of their roles in persuasive communication( Guerrero, Anderson , Trost, 1998). Affect refers to the experience of feeling or emotion. Emotions are considered to be internal and have a primary focus on affect. Moods are longer lasting feelings (which are not as concrete and specific as emotions ( Clore, Shwartz,Conway, 1994 ; Frijda,1986 in Jorgenson,1998). A more detailed description of the terms are accounted for below. Affect Definition: Origin: There have been two contesting views on the source of affect. Studies conducted by Dillard and Wilson(1993) explicated the message irrelevant affect where the affect itself bears no logical relationship to the content of the message , it has nothing to do with the message whatsoever ( Dillard, Pfau,2002). This type of affect takes into account the emotional state existing prior to the reception of a persuasive message which has a significant impact on the message processing by an individual(Anderson, Guerrero,1998). The other view on the source of affect, the message induced affect (Dillard, Wilson, 1993) is one where affect is considered a part and parcel of the message evaluation, when messages are designed in a way to evoke certain emotions and feelings which serve as the basis of acceptance of the advocacy(Dillard, Pfau,2002). Dillard and Wilson(1993) refer to it as direct effect as the emotion occurs in direct response to a given message(Jorgenson,1998, pg.406). Structure of Affect Dillard and Meijenders(2002) accounted for three models of affect on which I am going to focus on as well. The first model is the Bipolar Valence Model. According to this model, affect should be structured as a single continuum with positive affect on one end of the spectrum and negative affect on the other. This model suggests how the pre-existing affective states have a considerable effect on how the receiver processes the message. The mood as information hypothesis in this regard states that positive mood or affective state of a receiver encourages heuristic message processing while negative moods elicit cognitive processing. Mood management hypothesis( Wegener and Petty,1996) was formulated as a challenge to the mood as information hypothesis which states that information processing depends on the affective state of the receiver in a different way. If the receiver feels that elaborative processing of a positive message can enhance his mood, he will indulge in it. The second model is the Two Dimensional Model. Dillard and Meijnders(2002) account for two types of two dimensional models. One model has pleasure as one dimension and arousal as the second one. The conceptual allure of this circumplex is its ability to explain affective experience as blends of pleasure and arousal (Reisenzein, 1994 in Dillard, Meijnders 2002). Empirical evidence shows that increased arousal inhibits systematic processing of messages. The second model in this category has two systems as the two dimensions. One of them, the behavioral approach system, facilitates goal directed behavior. The other one, behavioral inhibition system discourages behavior which may lead to undesired negative results.(Davidson,1993 ;Gray,1990 in Dillard, Meijnders, 2002, pg 316). The third and final model named the Discrete Emotion Model distinguished emotions from one another on the grounds that they are characterized by varied systemic changes( Dillard and Meijenders,2002). The main function of this model is to elicit the fact that each emotion has distinct effects on a variety of persuasive outcomes.( Dillard and Meijenders, 2002). Information Processing Models After the persuasive message has been disseminated, the audience member processes the information in different ways depending on factors such as the message features and audience members emotional and affective state. Different models of information processing are formulated based on these caharacteristics. Message Relevant Models : Elaboration Likelihood Model as well as Heuristic Systematic Processing ( as a dual process model as) postulate two distinct modes of message analysis. The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion is an approach developed by Richard Petty,John Caciaoppo and their associates(1986a,1986b) which postulates that there can be two different routes to persuasion depending on the extent to which the argument is elaborated, by the central route or by the peripheral route( Anderson, Guerrero,1998). The central route is when the receiver of the message weighs the argumentative quality of the message and processes the message using sound logic and reason whereas peripheral route is when the receiver of the message uses cues such as mood(Anderson, Guerrero,1998) to react to the persuasive message. When the receivers motivation is low and he is unable to judge the cognitive aspects of the message, i.e., he performs low elaboration of the message, the receiver is then generally guided by simpler heuristic principles such as credibility, liking, and consensus (O Keefe, 2002). On the other hand, during extensive elaboration, the content of the mes sage takes predominance over the peripheral cues. Jorgensen(2002) argues that emotional appeals are more effective as persuasive tools during low elaboration and even brings about attitude change in the receiver, however such attitude change is more fleeting than those brought about by the central route processing.(authors, pg409). The Heuristic Systematic Processing model is also used to explain the message processing methods used by receivers of persuasive messages. According to this model, there are two ways by which a receiver will judge a message, either by Systematic processing or by Heuristic Processing. Dillard and Peck ( 2000) in their article on evaluation of Public Service announcements succinctly describe both approaches in this model with reference to how the audience perceives the persuasive health campaign messages. They state that systematic processing is contemplative analytic and responsive to the argumentative quality of the message while heuristic processing involves the usage of shortcut decision making rules called heuristics to make a faster decision. Many researchers have stated that affect serves as the basis of the heuristics in heuristic reasoning. Emotion is, perhaps, the psychological heuristic key to human survival( pg 735, persuasion handbook). WHEN ARE THE TWO USED? Appraisal Theory : The appraisal theory explains the simple causal sequence through which emotions arise in the following steps : the message is produced by the speaker, perceived by the hearer and then appraised by the hearer. The receiver makes a judgment call by appraising the message against the dimension of the resultant personal harm or benefit and depending upon the extent of the judgment, an emotion arises( iv). In a nutshell, this theory suggests that a message may engender emotions as a result of the receivers judgment or not evoke any emotions all together. Appraisal Pattern: Message Irrelevant Models Effect of Mood on Persuasion More than models, three hypotheses govern the explanation of how mood has a substantial effect on message processing. We have already discussed how the elaboration of a message affects the message processing by the receiver. Now, we shift our attention to the reasons behind the differing elaboration of the message by the receiver. As suggested by Blumenthal () , the mood regulation hypothesis states that cognitive information processing of a persuasive message is influenced by the receivers mood. If the receiver is in a positive mood , he is motivated to steer away from a deep analysis of the message for it might take him out of that good mood. Similarly , if someone is in a negative mood, he is more likely to evaluate the incoming stimuli more carefully. Thus positive mood involves heuristic cognitive processing of a communication message and negative mood is synchronous with the in depth systematic processing of the message. The motivational hypothesis also has a similar line of belief. It states that the use of peripheral or systematic processing to evaluate a message depends upon the mood of the receiver; if the person is in a certain mood, he might be predisposed to choose a certain method of message processing over another. For example the research conducted by Isen(1991) suggests that people in a good emotional state are more inclined towards low elaboration of a message as they just want to hold on to their positive mood( handbook). On the other hand, people in bad moods tend to be in a threatened mentality where in they want to judge every message carefully to be sure to not make costly judgments about the state of the world( Jorgensen). The motivational hypothesis also sheds light on the way the argumentative quality of the message is perceived in different emotional states. Recipients of strong arguments should be more persuaded when they are in a bad mood and conversely, recipients of weak argu ments should be more persuaded when they are in a good mood. This shows that the mood plays an instrumental role in deciding the acceptance of the message as well as its argumentative quality. The cognitive capacity hypothesis can be considered as an extension of the motivational hypothesis as together with asserting that affective states do influence the information processing capacity of the receiver it also states that these affective states may also interfere with the information processing. However it fails to state which affective state acts as the hindrance because under different circumstances different affective states can become the hindrance. This claim is elucidated by Dillard and Nabi(2006) when they posited that different emotional states can enhance or inhibit persuasive success and that under different circumstances the same emotional states may inhibit or enhance persuasive processes. Understanding that emotional appeals play an important and legitimate role in the process of persuasion is an important first step for communication researchers. Emotions: Emotion plays a major role in various forms of persuasive communication, from politics to health communication to advertisements. Aristotle stated that persuasion is accomplished by the interplay of three forms of rhetorical proof( real communication ph 461), ethos which reflects the speakers trustworthiness and moral character; logos which stands for a well reasoned and structured argument and finally pathos which denotes the audiences feelings. Even though everyday attempts of persuasion depend heavily on emotional appeals, emotion is the one variable which has had very little inquiry. There can be many reasons for this discrepancy. One of them could be the over emphasis of logic over emotion, researchers have always treated logic as a superior dimension in the construction of persuasive messages(Jergenson,1998). On the other hand Seibold, Cantrill and Meyers(1985 p559) point out that most of the times emotion is taken for granted. Since emotion is so effortlessly incorporated in most of our day to day persuasive messages that researchers just assume its effectiveness in the persuasive process rather than tes ting its operation( vi). Jorgensen(1998) posits the two competing notions of studying emotions: one of them states that emotion is not an integral part of the persuasion process rather it is a offshoot of the communicative process. In this view, emotions are looked upon as inherent states of the receiver, ones which do not have any direct relation with the persuasive message. The other view suggests that emotions are an integral part of the persuasive messages and emotional appeals are explicitly used to bring in attitude change thus accomplishing the primary goal of the persuasive process. Affect, Emotion, Feeling and Mood Affect refers to the experience of feeling or emotion. Emotions are considered to be internal and have a primary focus on affect. Together with this, emotions are also thought to be specific, focused and foregrounded in consciousness.(v) . The concept of emotion becomes clearer when seen in comparison with mood. Unlike emotion, moods are considered to be longer lasting feelings which may not be about anything specific. Instances like I am happy because I feel good , which do not have any sound and concrete reasons backing up the resulting emotion are considered to be moods. Moods are also not characterized by a specific outcome stimuli and even though mood seems to be something which is fleeting and diffusive, it does have serious effects on message information processing. (Geurrero, Andersen, troust,1998). Before we delve into that part of research, we will look a bit more in details on emotion. There are three ways in which emotions can be conceptualized : the discrete emotions approach, the prototype approach and the dimensional approach. The discrete emotion approach pivots around a central claim, emotions guide behavior(handbook of persuasion pg 318). As the name suggests, this approach considers each emotion to be discrete and also postulates that each emotion supplies a unique information manifesting distinct patterns of cognitive change( handbook). This means that if each emotion has a distinct pattern of behavioral change, then these emotions should also elicit distinct effects of persuasion. In the dimensional approach, emotions are categorized according to different dimensions like valence, activity and intensity. The prototype approach offers a middle ground position between discrete emotional approach and dimensional approach by categorizing emotions by a number of characteristics like valence, functions and expressions( pg 19 , guerrero, Anderson and trost). Emotional Appeal and Emotional Arousal: The meaning of appeal is to request for change. Emotional appeal is hence an appeal through emotions. Considering that emotional appeals are profusely implemented in everyday persuasive attempts, the limited attention and research on emotionality is astounding. There can be many reasons for this neglect. One of them could be the over emphasis of logic over emotion, researchers have always treated logic as a superior dimension in the construction of persuasive messages(Jergenson,1998). On the other hand Seibold, Cantrill and Meyers(1985 p559) point out that most of the times emotion is taken for granted. Since emotion is so effortlessly incorporated in most of our day to day persuasive messages that researchers just assume its effectiveness in the persuasive process rather than testing its operation( vi). Dillard and Wilson(1993) claim until the 1960s, research on emotions was negated by many of the social sciences on the grounds of it not being in accordance with the theory of logica l positivism. Although the recognition of the importance of emotion from a communication perspective( Jorgenson,1998) gained prominence in the 1980s.(Dillard and Wilson 1993). Through research it was realized that the effectiveness of persuasive messages in highly enhanced when the message incorporates both flawless logic as well as the effective arousal of the receivers emotions.(Arnold,1985). Emotional persuasion is this the method by which the message receiver is persuaded through the arousal of emotion or through appeal to expected emotion. Sometimes the message producers include emotional appeals in the messages, intending to arouse a certain sort of emotion in the receiver which would increase the effectiveness of the persuasive message. However, the interpretation of the message by the audience member may have three possibilities; after the receiver appraises the message, the intended emotion will be invoked in him; multiple emotions are invoked in the receiver or no emotions are evoked altogether. Thus the study of emotional appeals has been done by a trial and error method ( Jorgenson, 1998) and also challenges the principle of the CFM model(Nabi,1999) to an extent. The cfm model states that the message producers should firstly decide which emotion they want to evoke to achieve their persuasive goals and then construct the message in a way to reflect the core relational theme or the crux of that emotion. This model points out one of the processes of emotional arousal. Another generic way of arousing emotions is by incorporating a novel stimuli in the message. It has been observed that often times prior knowledge may inhibit emotional arousal(iii). There are certain emotional appeals which evoke negative emotions in the audience member for example fear appeals in specific health campaign messages. In such messages, when the emotional arousal is followed up with effective and feasible ways to overcome the fear, this strategy is very effective in increasing the persuasiveness of the message. For example, when a commercial on AIDS elicits fear in the audience member, the next step should be to also inform the audience member about safe sex, the usage of condoms and other preventive measures which reassures the audience member as well. Walton(1992) states that many a times emotional appeals in messages are either irrelevant, i.e. , it is not pertinent to the message being conveyed or they are used as tools to camouflage the weakness of an argument being presented to inappropriately influence the listener(vi). Thus, even though it is the receivers perception of the emotion induced message which guides his attitude and the subsequent action, the receiver should be careful of the way in which he reaches his conclusion about the persuasive message. Thus from the above observations it can be summarized that the efficacy of a persuasive message from the stand point of a receiver can be measured in three parameters : the credibility of the source , the effective emotional arousal by the message and finally the provision of feasible measures to cater to the emotion( vi). Structure of Affect and Future Research :